AMS (Modular Plugin Host)
AlsaModularSynth is a realtime modular synthesizer and effect processor.
Homepage: http://alsamodular.sourceforge.net/

Ardour3 (DAW)
Ardour is a multichannel hard disk recorder (HDR) and digital audio workstation (DAW).
It can be used to control, record, edit and run complex audio setups.
Homepage: http://ardour.org/
User Manual: http://manual.ardour.org/

Aria Maestosa (MIDI Sequencer)
Aria Maestosa is an open-source midi sequencer/editor.
It lets you compose, edit and play midi files with a few clicks in a user-friendly interface offering score, keyboard, guitar, drum and controller views.
Homepage: http://ariamaestosa.sourceforge.net/
User Manual: http://ariamaestosa.sourceforge.net/man.html

Bitwig Studio (DAW, non-free)
Bitwig Studio is a multi-platform music-creation system for production, remixing and performance
with a focus on flexible editing tools and a super-fast workflow.
Homepage: http://www.bitwig.com/

Cadence (JACK Toolbox)
Collection of tools useful for audio production.
This is the main app. It performs system checks, manages JACK, calls other tools and make system tweaks.
Homepage and Documentation: http://kxstudio.sf.net/cadence

Carla (Modular Plugin Host)
Carla is an audio plugin host, with support for many audio drivers and plugin formats.
It has some nice features like automation of parameters via MIDI CC and full OSC control.
Currently supports LADSPA, DSSI, LV2, and VST plugin formats, and GIG, SF2 and SFZ sounds banks.
Homepage and Documentation: http://kxstudio.sf.net/carla

Catia (Patchbay)
JACK Patchbay, with some neat features like A2J bridge support and JACK Transport.
It's supposed to be as simple as possible, so it can work nicely on non-Linux platforms.
Homepage and Documentation: http://kxstudio.sf.net/catia

Claudia (Session Manager)
LADISH frontend; just like Catia, but focused at session management through LADISH.
It has a bit more features than the official LADISH GUI, with a nice preview of the main canvas in the bottom-left.
It also implements the 'Claudia-Launcher' add-application style for LADISH.
Homepage and Documentation: http://kxstudio.sf.net/claudia

jalv (Plugin Host)
Jalv is a simple but fully featured LV2 host for Jack.
It runs LV2 plugins and exposes their ports as Jack ports, essentially making any LV2 plugin function as a Jack application.
Homepage: http://drobilla.net/software/jalv/

LMMS (DAW) [*]
LMMS combines the features of a tracker-/sequencer-program (pattern-/channel-/sample-/song-/effect-management)
and those of powerful synthesizers and samplers in a modern, user-friendly and easy to use graphical user-interface.
Homepage: http://lmms.sourceforge.net/
Wiki: http://lmms.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
[*] Ubuntu only, for now.

Luppp (Live Looper)
Luppp is a music creation tool, intended for live use.
It focuses on real time processing and a fast intuitive workflow.
Homepage and Tutorials: http://openavproductions.com/luppp/

Non-Mixer (Mixer)
Powerful, reliable and fast modular Digital Audio Mixer.
It utilizes JACK for inter-application audio I/O and the NTK GUI toolkit for a fast and lightweight user interface.
Non-Mixer can be used alone or in concert with Non-Timeline and Non-Sequencer to form a complete studio.
Homepage: http://non.tuxfamily.org/wiki/Non Mixer
User Manual: http://non.tuxfamily.org/mixer/doc/MANUAL.html

Non-Session-Manager (Session Manager)
API and an implementation for session management in the context of Linux Audio.
NSM clients use a well-specified OSC protocol to communicate with the session management daemon.
Homepage: http://non.tuxfamily.org/wiki/Non Session Manager
User Manual: http://non.tuxfamily.org/nsm/MANUAL.html

Non-Timeline (Audio Sequencer)
Powerful, reliable and fast modular Digital Audio Timeline arranger.
It utilizes JACK for inter-application audio I/O and the NTK GUI toolkit for a fast and lightweight user interface.
Non-Timeline can be used alone or in concert with Non-Mixer and Non-Sequencer to form a complete studio.
Homepage: http://non.tuxfamily.org/wiki/Non Timeline
User Manual: http://non.tuxfamily.org/timeline/doc/MANUAL.html

PaulStretch (Audio Stretch) [*]
PaulStretch is a program for stretching the audio.
It is suitable only for extreme sound stretching of the audio (like 50x) and for applying special effects by "spectral smoothing" the sounds.
Homepage and Documentation: http://hypermammut.sourceforge.net/paulstretch/
[*] This is a custom version that uses NTK, see this link.

ProTrekkr (Tracker) [*]
Tracker program combining a software synthesizer together with a traditional samples tracker
which can be used to create electronic music (like psytrance, trance goa, hard acid, IDM, chip, techno, etc)
for small sized intros, demos or games.
Project Page: http://code.google.com/p/protrekkr/
Wiki: http://code.google.com/p/protrekkr/wiki/introduction?tm=6
[*] This is a custom version with JACK audio support, see this link.

QSampler (Sampler Frontend)
LinuxSampler GUI front-end; it wraps as a client reference interface for the LinuxSampler Control Protocol.
Homepage: http://qsampler.sourceforge.net/

Qtractor (DAW)
Qtractor is an Audio/MIDI multi-track sequencer application.
It evolves as a fairly-featured Linux desktop audio workstation GUI, specially dedicated to the personal home-studio.
Homepage: http://qtractor.sourceforge.net/
User Manual (PDF): http://downloads.sourceforge.net/qtractor/qtractor-0.5.x-user-manual.pdf

REAPER (DAW, non-free)
REAPER is digital audio workstation software.
A complete multitrack audio and MIDI recording, editing, processing, mixing, and mastering environment.
Homepage: http://reaper.fm/
User Guide and Books: http://reaper.fm/userguide.php

Renoise (Tracker, non-free)
Complete, expandable Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) with a refreshing twist.
It lets you record, compose, edit, process and render production-quality audio using a tracker-based approach.
It features a wide range of built-in audio processors, alongside support for all commonly used virtual instrument and effect plug-in formats.
Homepage: http://www.renoise.com
User Manual: http://tutorials.renoise.com/wiki

SunVox (Tracker, non-free)
Small, fast and powerful modular synthesizer with pattern based sequencer (tracker).
It is a tool for those people who like to compose music wherever they are, whenever they wish.
Homepage: http://www.warmplace.ru/soft/sunvox/
User Manual: http://www.warmplace.ru/wiki/sunvox:manual_en

Tracktion (DAW, non-free)
Tracktion is a powerful workstation for audio/midi recording and editing.
Homepage: http://tracktion.com/